The discoveries by geologists set the stage for Charles Darwin's evolutionary model decades before his voyage of discovery. The geological finds of fossils from animals that no longer existed, as well as the process of mountain-building and erosion, necessitated a very ancient earth and were evidence that the creation and global flood accounts in Genesis were not possible literal events. Even if Darwin had never written, the primary beliefs of creationists could still be shown to be invalid. In fact, Christian theologians of the nineteenth century had largely abandoned "flood geology" and it was only recently "resurrected."

     Gary S. Hurd received a doctorate in Social Science from the University of California, Irvine in 1976. He subsequently served on the faculties of the California College of Medicine (UCIMC), and the Medical College of Georgia (Psychiatry). Since 1985, he has returned to archaeology, the principal focus of his early research. He has received honors for teaching and research and has over one hundred publications, including abstracts and technical reports, ranging from topics in psychiatry, mathematics and chemistry to insect and fish digestion, prehistoric ceremonialism and forensic taphonomy (the decay of animal remains). More recently Dr. Hurd served as Director of Education for the Orange County Museum of Natural History and was its Curator of Anthropology, where he became actively involved in the creationist anti-science debate. He is a co-author of "Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism" 2004, Rutgers University Press.